Nature of upper and lower bainitic transformations revealed by high energy X-Ray diffraction

blog by H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, 31-03-2026

This is about a paper just published, by S. Allain, F. Lebel, I.-E. Benrabah, J. Teixeira, B. Denand, O. Naokonechna and G. Geandier, Materialia (2026) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2026.102733

The authors offer a glimpse into bainitic transformations using high-energy X-ray diffraction. While the data and interpretations are interesting, the work fails the fundamental test of scientific reproducibility. This is because the alloy composition is not provided:

Table: chemical composition and microalloying elements (wt%)
C % Si + Al % Mn + Ni % Cr + Mo % Nb / Ti / B
0.34 0.59 1.00 0.50 Microalloying elements

It becomes impossible therefore, to perform independent calculations to check such things as the driving forces or phase stability that underpin the interpretations. The renders the paper unsuitable for citation in a formal text, for example, a book that I currently am composing.

Here is another paper that fails to properly report the chemical composition of the steel studied:

Why do journals permit this?