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H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia,
Phase Transformations Group,
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,
University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, U.K.
and
K. Ichikawa,
Nippon Steel Corporation,
Welding & Joining Research Center,
Steel Research Laboratories,
Technical Development Bureau,
20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu, Chiba,
293-8511 Japan.
Added to MAP: May 1999.
To model the simultaneous transformation of allotriomorphic and Widmanstätten ferrite in a steel weld. Predicts values for the volume fractions of the different microstructures after cooling.
| Language: | FORTRAN |
| Product form: | Source code |
Allotriomorphic ferrite is usually the first phase to form when austenite is cooled but its formation is frequently accompanied by that of Widmanstätten ferrite, which may grow directly from the allotriomorphic ferrite (secondary Widmanstätten ferrite) or from bare austenite grain surfaces (primary Widmanstätten ferrite). In the past such simultaneous transformations have been modelled by arbitrarily stopping one transformation to permit the next in the sequence to commence. Such a model is not realistic. In welding alloys it is the secondary Widmanstätten ferrite which predominates and inevitably interacts with the growth of allotriomorphic ferrite. This program uses a new model for calculating the volume fractions of Widmanstätten (primary & secondary) and allotriomorphic ferrite formed during cooling, as well as the volume fractions of bainite & acicular ferrite and retained austenite & martensite. It is based on a kinetic theory which is capable of handling several transformations together and is described in detail in reference 1. Both primary and secondary Widmanstätten ferrite nucleation events are, however, treated identically in this model; the two nucleation sites are assumed to have identical kinetic parameters.
In this program the solidification of the weld is divided up into 100 steps (segments), the ith segment corresponding to a change in the solidified fraction from (i-1)/100 to i/100. The solute concentration in the solid and liquid phases for this segment are calculated using Sheil's equation. The transformation behaviour is determined separately for each segment. The Widmanstätten start temperature is calculated using the theory in reference 2. The temperature, To', below which bainite forms by diffusionless transformation, is calculated as being the temperature at which austenite and ferrite of the same composition have identical free energy accounting for the stored energy of ferrite (here taken to be 350 Jmol-1). Cooling of the weld occurs in temperature steps of 5 °C; the time taken to reach each temperature is calculated using the cooling rate, which is obtained from the appropriate welding parameters [3]. The volume fractions of allotriomorphic and Widmanstätten ferrite which form at each temperature is determined. The processes are repeated at the next temperature until the temperature falls either below LOWT or below To'. If the temperature falls below To' the remaining matrix (austenite) is deemed to transform to bainite & acicular ferrite. Any remaining matrix at LOWT is assumed either to remain as austenite or form martensite. The volume fractions of each microstructure in the weld as a whole are then calculated by averaging over the contributions from all the segments.
None.
No information supplied.
The program may take 15 minutes or more to run. In addition to the final results shown in the example below, some intermediate results are outputted during the calculations for each segment and can be used to monitor the progress of the computations.
Complete program.
Input C Si Mn Ni Mo Cr V (wt%)
0.05 0.5 1 0 0 0 0
Input austenite grain surface per unit volume (1/m):
1e4
Input fitting factor for nucleation rate (K2):
1
Input fitting factor for number of nucleation sites (K1):
1
Input lowest temperature for calculations (degrees C):
250
Input welding process:
1 - SMAW; 2 - metal core wire CO2 shielding;
3 - MCW Fogon 20 shielding; 4 - tandem SAW; 5 - single SAW
1
Input welding current (Amps):
180
Input welding voltage (Volts):
34
Input welding speed (m/s):
0.004
Input interpass temperature (degrees C):
200
Welding Current (amps) = 180.
Voltage (V) =34.
Welding Speed (m/s) = 0.400D-02
Welding Technique (SMAW:1, Tandem SAW:4, Single SAW:5)= 1
Interpass Temperature (Centigrade) = 200.
**************************************************
* Final Result of Calculations *
**************************************************
Total volume fraction of each microstructual component in the weld:
Volume fraction of alpha + Widmanstatten = 0.90707
Volume fraction of alpha = 0.12875
Volume fraction of Widmanstatten = 0.77832
Volume fraction of bainite + acicular ferrite = 0.06696
Volume fraction of retained gamma + martensite = 0.02597
***************************** Details for each solidification segment ****************************
Segment Volume fraction Volume fraction Volume fraction VF bainite & VF retained
number alpha & Widmanst. alpha Fe Widmanstatten acicular ferrite gamma & martensite
1 0.96978 0.13584 0.83394 0.00000 0.03022
2 0.96976 0.13591 0.83385 0.00000 0.03024
3 0.96971 0.13581 0.83390 0.00000 0.03029
4 0.97009 0.13556 0.83453 0.00000 0.02991
5 0.96964 0.13549 0.83416 0.00000 0.03036
6 0.96992 0.13521 0.83471 0.00000 0.03008
(output for segments 7-94 omitted)
95 0.42205 0.10437 0.31768 0.57795 0.00000
96 0.38323 0.10140 0.28183 0.61677 0.00000
97 0.35515 0.09930 0.25585 0.64485 0.00000
98 0.30216 0.09511 0.20705 0.69784 0.00000
99 0.21613 0.08692 0.12921 0.78387 0.00000
100 0.11610 0.06948 0.04662 0.88390 0.00000
All required subroutines and functions are supplied with the program.
Widmanstatten, allotriomorphic, ferrite, bainite, martensite, welding, cooling, transformation, steel
MAP originated from a joint project of the National Physical Laboratory and the University of Cambridge.
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