Metallurgy of titanium and its alloys

H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia

### Metallurgy
### Movies

The following movies are reproduced for teaching purposes, with the kind permission of David Peacock of the Titanium Information Group.

## Atom Models of HCP Titanium

The following images have kindly been provided by Andrew Fairbank who created them for teaching purposes. They are reproduced with permission.

hcp titanium 1
Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure of titanium.
hcp titanium lattices
Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure of titanium.
hcp titanium
Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure of titanium.
hcp vs bcc vs fcc vs bct
Hexagonal close-packed structure of Ti, compared with face-centred cubic (fcc), body-centred cubic (bcc) and body-centred tetragonal (bct) structures of iron. These images use the correct relative sizes of the Ti and Fe atoms. This size difference and the 14.27% lower atomic weight of Ti contributes to its lower density.
### External Links

Pearlite in steels
Published 2025
Audio summaries
Steels 5th edition Published 2024
Bainite 3rd edition Free download
Crystallography 1st edition Free download Audio, video summaries
Bainite at play Published 2026 video
Theory of transformations in steels Free download
Functional Materials Free book Hard copy
Phase transitions
Free book,
source (CC-BY)
Isolation Free download
rail steels
Rails, 2024
Audio summary
Bainite in Steels, Chinese edition Translation, 2020
Innovations in everyday engineering materials
Published 2021