Very Strong Bainite

F. G. Caballero and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia

Abstract

Steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 2500 MPa, a hardness at 600-670 HV and toughness in excess of 30-40 MPa m^1/2 is the result of exciting new developments with bainite. The simple process route involved avoids rapid cooling so that residual stresses can in principle be avoided even in large pieces. The microstructure is generated at temperatures which are so low that the diffusion of iron is inconceivable during the course of the transformation to bainite. As a result, slender plates of ferrite, just 20-40 nm thick are generated, giving rise to the extraordinary properties.

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science Vol. 8, 2004, pp. 251-257.

Download PDF file of paper.

Related Papers

• "The Bainite Transformation: Unresolved Issues"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. A273-275, 1999, 58-66.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Design of novel high-strength bainitic steels: Part I "
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 17, 2001, 512-516.
  Also published in the Spanish language, Revista de metalurgia, Vol. 38, 2002, 3-13.
  F. G. Caballero, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, K. J. A. Mawella, D. G. Jones and P. Brown
• "Design of novel high-strength bainitic steels: Part II"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 17, 2001, 517-522.
  Also published in the Spanish language, Revista de metalurgia, Vol. 38, 2002, 3-13. cas Gonzalez
  
• "37th John Player Memorial Lectures, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2002: The Design of Strong, Tough and Affordable Steels"
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Very Strong Low Temperature Bainite"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 18, 2002, pp. 279-284.
  F. G. Caballero, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, K. J. A. Mawella, D. G. Jones and P. Brown
• "Low Temperature Bainite"
  Journal de Physique IV, Vol. 112, 2003, 285-288.
  C. Garcia Mateo, F. G. Cabellero and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Model for the maximum fraction of retained austenite in austempered ductile cast iron"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 333A, 2002, 60-66.
  M. A. Yescas-Gonzalez and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• " Prediction of the Vickers Hardness in Austempered Ductile Irons using Neural Networks"
  International Journal of Cast Metals Research, Vol. 15, 2003, 513-521.
  M. A. Yescas Gonzalez
• "Retained Austenite in Austempered Ductile Cast Irons"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 311, 2001, 162-173.
  M. A. Yescas-Gonzalez, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
• "TRIP-Assisted Steels?"
  ISIJ International, Vol. 42, 2002, 1059-1060.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Stability of Retained Austenite in TRIP-Assisted Steels"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 20, 2004, 319-322.
  M. Sherif, C. Garcia Mateo, T. Sourmail and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Steels for Rails"
  Encyclopedia of Materials Science: Science and Technology, eds K. Buschow, R. W. Cahn, M. C. Flemings, B. Iischner, E. J. Kramer and S. Mahajan, Elsevier Science, ISBN 0-08-0431526, 2002, pp. 1-7.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Hard Bainite"
  ISIJ International, Vol. 43 (2003) 1238-1243.
  C. Garcia Mateo, F. G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Effect of Plastic Deformation on the Formation of Acicular Ferrite"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 360A, 2003, 249-257.
  C. H. Lee, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and H.-C. Lee
• "Acceleration of Low-Temperature Bainite"
  ISIJ International, Vol. 43 (2003) 1821-1825..
  C. Garcia Mateo, F. G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Three-Dimensional Atom Probe Analysis of Carbon Distribution in Low-Temperature Bainite"
  Scripta Materialia, Vol. 50, 2004, 1277-1281.
  M. Peet, S. S. Babu, M. K. Miller and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Developments in Martensitic and Bainitic Steels: Role of The Shape Deformation"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 378A, 2004, pp. 34-39.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Nucleation Theory for High-Carbon Bainite"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 378A, 2004, pp. 289-292.
  C. Garcia-Mateo and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Tempering of a Hard Mixture of Bainitic Ferrite and Austenite"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 20, 2004, 814-818.
  C. Garcia-Mateo, M. Peet, F. G. Caballero and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Large Chunks of Very Strong Steel"
  Millenium Steel, Vol. 5, 2004, 25-28.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Kinetics of the Bainite Transformation"
  Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. A460, 2004, 1710-1722.
  H. Matsuda and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Bainite formation influenced by large stress"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 20, 2004, 1499-1505.
  K. Hase, C. Garcia-Mateo and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Effect of 30 Tesla Magnetic Field on Transformations in a Novel Bainitic Steel"
  Scripta Materialia, Vol. 52, 2004, pp. 461-466.
  R. A. Jaramillo, S. S. Babu, G. M. Ludtka, R. A. Kisner, J. B. Wilgen, G. Mackiewicz-Ludtka, D. M. Nicholson, S. M. Kelly, M. Murugananth and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia

PT Group Home

Materials Algorithms