An Analysis of Cooling Curves from the Fusion Zone of Steel Weld Deposits

L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia

Abstract

Experimentally determined cooling curves for the fusion zone of manual metal arc and submerged arc welds have been rationalised in terms of a theory for three-dimensional heat flow. The cooling curves were obtained for a wide range of welding conditions in which the welding current, voltage, speed and interpass temperature were varied, with the joint geometry fixed to ISO-2560, the standard geometry for all-weld-metal tests. With the help of a recent model for the prediction of microstructure in weld deposits, the heat-flow analysis is used in understanding the effect of heat input on the microstructure of low-alloy steel weld deposits. It is demonstrated that the results can be used to predict trends in microstructure as a function of heat input, by analysing a large amount of published data on weld deposits.

The work explores a mathematical approach for predicting the microstructure of steel weld deposits by analysing cooling curves within the fusion zone. Researchers examined how variables such as welding current, voltage, and speed influence the thermal behavior and subsequent grain formation in low-alloy steel. By utilising a three-dimensional heat flow theory, the study demonstrates that cooling rates can be rationalised into consistent constants to forecast the development of ferrite and other microphases. This work aims to bridge the gap between practical welding parameters and the theoretical prediction of a weld's physical properties. Following objective communication standards, the text emphasizes empirical data and trends rather than making inflated claims about the model's performance.

Scandanavian Journal of Metallurgy, Vol. 15, 1986, pp. 97-103

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Research Papers

• "The Growth Rate of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
  Proceedings of The Third Scandinavian Symposium on Materials Science,
  Oulu, Finland, 1983, pp. 73-78,
  Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Oulu Univeristy, Finland
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "The Influence of Alloying Elements on the Formation of
  Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
  Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 4, 1985, pp. 305-308
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "A Model for the Development of Microstructure in Low-Alloy Steel (Fe-Mn-Si-C) Weld Deposits"
  Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 33, 1985, pp. 1271-1283
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys for High-Temperature Applications"
  Proceedings of the First International Conference on Surface Engineering, ed. I. A. Bucklow, TWI, Abington, Cambridge, U.K.
  L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft, B. Ulander and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys for High-Temperature Applications"
  Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 21, 1986, pp. 1015-1019
  L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft, B. Ulander and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Development of Microstructure in the Fusion Zone of Steel Weld Deposits"
  Acta Stereologica, Vol. 5, 1986, No. 1, pp. 365-371
  B. Gretoft, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
• "The Austenite Grain Structure of Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
  Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 21, 1986, pp. 3947-3951
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "An Analysis of Cooling Curves from the Fusion Zone of Steel Weld Deposits"
  Scandanavian Journal of Metallurgy, Vol. 15, 1986, pp. 97-103
  L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Computer-Aided Design of Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding"
  Proceedings of an International Conference on Computer Technology in Welding, 1986,
  editor W. Lucas, published by The Welding Institute, Abington, U.K.
  L.-E. Svensson, B. Gretoft and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Thermodynamics of the Acicular Ferrite Transformation in Alloy-Steel Weld Deposits"
  Advances in Welding Technology and Science,
  ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, U. S. A., 1987, pp. 187-191.
  J.R. Yang and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "The Mechanism of Acicular Ferrite Formation in Steel Weld Deposits"
  Advances in Welding Technology and Science,
  ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, U. S. A., 1987, pp. 209-213.
  M. Strangwood and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Prediction of Microstructure of the Fusion Zone of Multicomponent Steel Weld Deposits"
  Advances in Welding Technology and Science,
  ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, U. S. A., 1987, pp. 225-229.
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "The Microstructure of C-Mn Steel Welds" (in Swedish)
  Svetsen, Vol. 45, No. 2, 1986, pp. 10-16
  B. Gretoft, L.-E. Svensson and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Prediction of the Microstructure of Submerged-Arc Linepipe Welds"
  Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Welding
  and Performance of Pipelines, 1986,
  published by the Welding Institute, Abington, U.K.
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "An Analysis of the Primary Microstructure of Cr and Mo Containing Low-Alloy Steel Welds"
  Proceedings of the 4th Scandanavian Symposium on Materials Science,
  Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway.
  August 25-26, 1986, pp. 153-158
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "Theory for the formation of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Steel Weld Deposits"
  Proceedings of an International Conference on Welding Metallurgy
  of Structural Steels,
  published by The Metallurgical Society of the AIME,
  Warrendale, Pennsylvania.
  Edited by J. Y. Koo, 1987, pp. 517-530.
  H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, L.-E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "Solute-Segregation, Oxygen Content and the Transformation-Start Temperatures of Steel Welds"
  Proceedings of an International Conference on Welding Metallurgy
  of Structural Steels,
  published by The Metallurgical Society of the AIME,
  Warrendale, Pennsylvania. Edited by J. Y. Koo, 1987, pp. 495-504.
  M. Strangwood and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Reaustenisation in Steel Weld Deposits"
  Proceedings of an International Conference on Welding Metallurgy
  of Structural Steels,
  published by The Metallurgical Society of the AIME,
  Warrendale, Pennsylvania.
  Edited by J. Y. Koo, 1987, pp. 549-563.
  J. R. Yang and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "Stability, Wear Resistance and Microstructure of Fe-Cr-C and Fe-Cr-Si-C Hardfacing Alloys"
  Proceedings of Heat Treatment 1987,
  Institute of Metals, London, July 1988, pp. 39-43.
  S. Atamert and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia
• "The Non-Uniform Distribution of Inclusions in Low-Alloy
  Steel Weld Deposits"
  Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 19A, 1988, pp. 669-674.
  A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "A Model for the Prediction of Strength in Steel Welds"
  Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 19A, 1988, pp. 1597-1602
  A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Nitrogen in Submerged-Arc Weld Deposits"
  Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 7, 1988, pp. 610-612.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, L. -E. Svensson and B. Gretoft
• "Computer-Aided Design of Electrodes for Arc Welding Processes: Part II"
  Proceedings of the Second International Conference on
  Computer Technology in Welding, The Welding Institute,
  Cambridge, 1988, paper 24.
  L. -E. Svensson, B. Gretoft, A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "The Design of Submerged Arc Weld Deposits for High-Strength Steels"
  Proceedings of an International Conference on Improved
  Weldment Control using Computer Technology, Vienna, Austria,
  4-5 July 1988. Published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988, pp. 71-78.
  L. -E. Svensson and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• The Orientation Relationships Between Adjacent Plates of
  Acicular Ferrite in Steel Weld Deposits"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 5, 1989, pp. 93-97.
  J. R. Yang and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Comparison of the Microstructures and Wear Properties of Stellite
  Hardfacing Alloys Deposited by Arc Welding and Laser Cladding"
  Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 20A, 1989, pp. 1037-1054.
  S. Atamert and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "The Microstructure of Submerged-Arc Weld Deposits for
  High-Strength Steels"
  Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 24, 1989, pp. 3180-3188.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
• "Effect of Alloying Additions on the Microstructure
  and Properties of Vertical-Up Manual Metal Arc Welds -
  Part I: Method of theoretical assessment"
  Joining and Materials, Vol. 2, 1989, pp. 182R-187R.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
• "Effect of Alloying Additions on the Microstructure
  and Properties of Vertical-Up Manual Metal Arc Welds -
  Part II: Results and Discussion Joining and Materials,
  Vol. 2, 1989, pp. 236R-238R
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
• "Lower Acicular Ferrite"
  Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 20A, 1989, pp. 1811-1818.
  A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "The Estimation of Non-Uniform Elongation in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
  Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 25, 1990, pp. 613-618.
  A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Nickel-Based Hardfacing Alloys for High Temperature Applications"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 5, 1989, pp. 1220-1228.
  S. Atamert and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Reaustenitisation Experiments on Some High-Strength Steel Weld Deposits"
  Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A118, 1989, pp. 155-170.
  J. R. Yang and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Microstructural Entropy and the Scatter in Toughness"
  Recent Trends in Welding Science and Technology (TWR'89),
  eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek, ASM International,
  Ohio, U. S. A., 1989, 745-748.
  A. A. B. Sugden and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Silicon Modification of Iron Base Hardfacing Alloys"
  Recent Trends in Welding Science and Technology (TWR'89),
  eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek, ASM International,
  Ohio, U. S. A., 1989, 273-278.
  S. Atamert and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Complete Reaustenitisation in Multirun Steel Weld Deposits"
  Recent Trends in Welding Science and Technology (TWR'89),
  eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek,
  ASM International, Ohio, U. S. A., 1989, 205-210.
  R. Reed and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "The Dislocation Density of Acicular Ferrite in Steel Welds"
  American Welding Journal, Vol. 69, 1990, pp. 305s-307s.
  J. R. Yang and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "The Transition from Bainite to Acicular Ferrite in Reheated
  Fe-Cr-C Weld Deposits"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 6, 1990, pp. 1005-1020.
  S. S. Babu and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Microstructure and Stability of Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys"
  Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A130, 1990, pp. 101-112.
  S. Atamert and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Control of Weld Metal Microstructure and Properties"
  The Metallurgy, Welding and Qualification of Microalloyed
  (HSLA) Steel Weldments,
  eds. J. T. Hickney, D. G. Howden and M. D. Randall,
  American Welding Society, November 1990, pp. 34-69a.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Models for Acicular Ferrite"
  International Trends in Welding Research,
  eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek,
  ASM International, Ohio, USA, 1992, pp. 213-222.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Microstructural Development in an HSLA80 Laser Beam Weldment"
  Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
  Vol. 2500, 1994, pp. 846-853.
  E. A. Metzbower, P. E. Denney, W. Pratt and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Computer Modelling of Low Alloy Steel Welds"
  Welding & Metal Fabrication, Vol. 64, 1995, 23-24.
  A. J. Summerfield, T. Cool, B. R. Keville and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "The Impact Toughness of C-Mn Steel Arc-Welds -
  A Bayesian Neural Network Analysis"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 11, 1995, 1046-1051.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, D. J. C. MacKay and L.-E. Svensson
• "Modelling of Fundamental Phenomena in Welds"
  Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering,
  Vol. 3, 1995, 265-288.
  T. Zacharia, J. M. Vitek, J. A. Goldak, T. A. Debroy,
  M. Rappaz and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Calculation of Microstructure and Properties of Steel Welds"
  Second Griffith Conference on Micromechanisms of Fracture and Their Structural Significance,
  Institute of Materials, 1995, pp. 15-24.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Modelling the Inclusion Nucleation Potency in Steel Welds"
  Modelling and Control of Joining Processes,
  ed. T. Zacharia,
  American Welding Society, Florida, U.S.A., 1993, pp. 195-202.
  J. M. Gregg and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Model for Boron Effects in Steel Welds"
  Modelling and Control of Joining Processes,
  ed. T. Zacharia,
  American Welding Society, Florida, U.S.A., 1993, pp. 153-160.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
• "Calculation of the Volume Fraction of Phases from CCT Curves"
  Modelling and Control of Joining Processes, ed. T. Zacharia,
  American Welding Society, Florida, U.S.A., 1993, pp. 306-313.
  E. A. Metzbower and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Modelling of Precipitation Sequences at Dissimilar Steel Joints"
  Modelling and Control of Joining Processes, ed. T. Zacharia,
  American Welding Society, Florida, U.S.A., 1993, pp. 215-221.
  J. M. Race and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "A Model for Multipass Steel Welds"
  Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 42, 1994, 3663-3678.
  R. C. Reed and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Modelling of Brittle Zones in the HAZ of Steel Welds"
  Modelling and Control of Joining Processes, ed. T. Zacharia,
  American Welding Society, Florida, U.S.A., 1993, 186-193.
  S. Suzuki, G. Rees and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Microstructures in Hot Wire Laser Beam Welding of HY80 Steel"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 10, 1994, 56-59.
  E. A. Metzbower, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and R. H. Phillips
• "Thermodynamics of Acicular Ferrite Nucleation"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 10, 1994, pp. 353-358.
  G. I. Rees and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Metastable Phase Solidification in Electron Beam Welding
  of Dissimilar Stainless Steels"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. A178, 1994, pp. 189-194.
  S. Tsukamoto, H. Harada and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Carbon Redistribution at Dissimilar Steel Joints"
  International Trends in Welding Research, eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek,
  ASM International, Ohio, USA, 1992, pp. 315-320.
  J. Race and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Autogenous Electron Beam Welds across Dissimilar Stainless Steel:
  Solidification Sequences"
  International Trends in Welding Research,
  eds. S. A. David and J. M. Vitek,
  ASM International, Ohio, USA, 1992, pp. 181-186.
  S. Tsukamoto, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and H. Harada
• "Simulation of Weld Metal Microstructure and Properties"
  Proceedings of CAMSE '92 (Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials),
  eds. M Doyama, J. Kihara, M. Tanaka and R. Yamamoto,
  Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., 1993, 1729-1734.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Modelling of Steel Welds"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 8, 1992, pp. 123-133.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Stress and the Acicular Ferrite Transformation"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. A156, 1992, 1-9.
  S. S. Babu and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Crystallographic Texture and the Austenite Grain Structure
  of Low-Alloy Steel Weld Deposits"
  Journal of Materials Science Letters, Vol. 10, 1991, 142-144.
  S. S. Babu, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
• "Acicular Ferrite Transformation in Alloy-Steel Weld Metals"
  Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 26, 1991, 839-845.
  J. R. Yang and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Solidification Sequences in Stainless Steel Dissimilar Alloy Welds"
  Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 7, 1991, pp. 50-61.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, S. A. David and J. M. Vitek
• "The Yield and Ultimate Tensile Strengths of Steel Welds"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 223, 1997, pp. 186-200
  T. Cool, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
• "Model for Solidification Cracking in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Metals "
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 1, 1996, pp. 43-50.
  K. Ichikawa, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
  
• "Modelling of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in Steel Welds"
  Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena-3,
  eds. H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia,
  Institute of Materials, 1997, 181-198.
  K. Ichikawa and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Computer Modelling of Low Alloy Steel Welds"
  Welding & Metal Fabrication, Vol. 64, 1995, 23-24.
  A. J. Summerfield, T. Cool, B. R. Keville and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Model for Solidification Cracking in Low-Alloy Steel Weld Metals"
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 1, 1996, pp. 43-50.
  K. Ichikawa, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
  
• "Inoculation of Steel Welds with Non-Metallic Particles"
  Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 223, 1997, pp. 146-157.
  J. M. Gregg, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and L.-E. Svensson
  
• "Scatter in High Strength Steel Weld properties due to Interpass Temperature "
  Trends in Welding Research, eds S. A. David, T. DebRoy, J. A. Johnson, H. B. Smartt and J. M. Vitek, ASM International, Ohio, 1999, pp. 870-875.
  M. Lord and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "New Welding Alloys, Computational Methods"
  Svetsaren, Vol. 53, 1998, 22-25.
  L.-E. Svensson and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Modelling of Phase Transformations in Steel Welds"
  Proceedings of ECOMAP '98 (Environment Concious Innovative Materials Processing), Kyoto, Japan, published by the High Temperature Society of Japan, (1998) pp. 35-44.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Charpy Impact Transition Temperature for some Ferritic Steel Welds"
  Australasian Welding Journal, Vol. 45, 2000, pp. 33-37.
  S. H. Lalam, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
• "Modelling the Creep Rupture Strength of Ferritic Steel Welds"
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 5, 2000, 81-90.
  D. Cole, C. Martin-Moran, A.G. Sheard, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
• "Estimation of the Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Steel Welds, Part I: Yield and Tensile Strength."
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol.5, 2000, pp. 135-147.
  S. H. Lalam, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
• "Estimation of the Mechanical Properties of Ferritic Steel Welds, Part II: Elongation and Charpy Toughness."
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol.5, 2000, pp. 149-160.
  S. H. Lalam, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
• "HAZ hardness in Laser Beam Welds"
  Proceedings of The Laser Insitute of America, Vol. 87, 2000, E138-E145.
  E. A. Metzbower, S. G. Lambrakos and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Bruscato Factor in Temper Embrittlement of Welds"
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 5, 2000, pp. 338-340.
  S. H. Lalam, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and D. J. C. MacKay
• "Estimation of Microstructure in Steel Welds"
  7th International Aachen Welding Conference on High Productivity Joining Processes,
  editor U. Dilthey, published by Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany, 2001, pp. 817-830.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Analysis of Strength and Ductility of Welds in Shipbuilding Steels"
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 6, 2001, 116-124.
  E. A. Metzbower, J. J. DeLoach, S. H. Lalam and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Analysis of the Toughness of Welds in Shipbuilding Steels"
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 6, 2001, 368-374.
  E. A. Metzbower, J. J. DeLoach, S. H. Lalam and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• " Characteristics of High-Power Diode-Laser Welds for Industrial Assembly"
  Proceedings of the 20th ICALEO 2001, Florida, Vols. 92 and 93, 1321-1330.
  C.A. Walsh, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, A. Lau, B. Matthias, R. Oesterlein, and J. Drechsel
• "Design of Creep-Resistant Steel Welds"
  Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena - V
  Published by the Institute of Materials, eds H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, 2001, 431-448
  D. G. Cole and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Secondary effects in neural network analysis of the mechanical properties of welding alloys for HSLA shipbuilding steels"
  Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena - VI
  Published by the Institute of Materials, eds H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, 2002, 231-242
  E. A. Metzbower, J. J. DeLoach, S. H. Lalam and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Strong and Tough Steel Welds"
  Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena - VI
  Published by the Institute of Materials, eds H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, 2002, 205-230.
  M. Murugananth, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, E. Keehan, H. O. Andren and L. Karlsson
  
• "Components of the Creep Strength of Steel Welds"
  Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena - VI
  Published by the Institute of Materials, eds H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, 2002, 243-260
  M. Muruganath and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Prediction of Ferrite Number in Stainless Steels"
  Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena - VI
  Published by the Institute of Materials, eds H. Cerjak and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, 2002, 1079-1100
  M. Vasudevan, M. Muruganath and A. K. Bhaduri
  
• "High Strength Steel Weld Metals: Developments with Ni and Mn"
  Today and Tomorrow in the Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,
  Proceedings of the 7th International Welding Symposium, Japan Welding Society, 20-22 November 2001, Kobe, Japan. Edited by T. Ohji, published by the Japan Welding Society, Tokyo, pp. 797-802.
  E. Keehan, L. Karlsson, M. Marimuthu, H.-O. Andren and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• " Microstructural change in high-temperature heat-affected zone of low-carbon weldable 13% Cr martensitic stainless steels"
  Stainless Steel World, October (2002) 16-23.
  D. Carrouge, P. Woollin and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Complex Weldment Properties: Trends in Predictive Power"
  Trends in Welding Research, eds S. A. David, J. Vitek, T. Debroy, J. Lippold and H. Smartt, ASM International, USA, 2002, 680--689.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Components of the creep strength of steel welds"
  Trends in Welding Research, eds S. A. David, J. Vitek, T. Debroy, J. Lippold and H. Smartt, ASM International, USA, 2002, 719-723.
  M. Murugananth and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Microstructure and Mechanical Effects of Ni and Mn on Strong-Steel Weld Metals"
  Trends in Welding Research, eds S. A. David, J. Vitek, T. Debroy, J. Lippold and H. Smartt, ASM International, USA, 2002, 719-723.
  E. Keehan, H. O. Andren, L. Karlsson, M. Murugananth and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
  
• "Joining of Commercial Aluminium Alloys"
  Proceedings of an International Conference on Aluminium (INCAL '03), Aluminium Association of India, 2003, 777-783.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Silicon-Rich Bainitic Steel Welds"
  Proceedings of International Conference: Joining and Welding Solutions to Industrial Problems, JWRI, Osaka University, Japan, 2003, pp. 43-52.
  H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, M. Lord and L.-E. Svensson
• "Finite Element Simulation of Laser Spot Welding"
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 8, 2003, 377-384.
  A. De, S. K. Maiti, C. A. Walsh and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia
• "Prediction of Cooling Rate and Microstructure in Laser Spot Welds"
  Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 8, 2003, 391-399.
  A. De, C. A. Walsh, S. K. Maiti and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia

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